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<title>The General Line</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>The General Line</i></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Old and New" redirects here. For the Norman Blake album, see <a href="Old_and_New_(album)" title="Old and New (album)">Old and New (album)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">The General Line</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Film poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a><br><a href="Sergei_M._Eisenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei M. Eisenstein">Sergei M. Eisenstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data">Grigori Aleksandrov<br>Sergei M. Eisenstein</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data">Martha Lapkina<br>M. Ivanin<br>Konstantin Vasilyev<br>Vasili Buzenkov</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eduard_Tisse" title="Eduard Tisse">Eduard Tisse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist film-date">
<ul><li>1929<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1929</span>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">121 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent film</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>The General Line</b></i>, also known as <i><b>Old and New</b></i> (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Старое и новое</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:&nbsp;</small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Staroye i novoye</i></span>), is a 1929 Soviet <a href="Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda film</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directed by <a href="Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> and <a href="Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a>.
</p><p><i>The General Line</i> was begun in 1927 as a celebration of the collectivization of agriculture, as championed by old-line Bolshevik <a href="Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leyda_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leyda-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to reach a wide audience, the director forsook his usual practice of emphasizing groups by concentrating on a single rural heroine. Eisenstein briefly abandoned this project to film <i><a href="October%3A_Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="October: Ten Days That Shook the World">October: Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i>, in honour of the 10th anniversary of the Revolution. By the time he was able to return to this film, the Party's attitudes had changed and Trotsky had fallen from grace. As a result, the film was hastily re-edited and sent out in 1929 under a new title, <i>The Old and the New</i>. In later years, archivists restored <i>The General Line</i> to an approximation of Eisenstein's original concept. Much of the director's montage-like imagery—such as using simple props to trace the progress from the agrarian customs of the 19th-century to the more mechanized procedures of the 20th—was common to both versions of the film.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2></div>

<p>When Martha's father dies and the inheritance is distributed, she is only left with a cow and a tiny piece of land that is hard to manage. In order to earn at least a minimum income, she asks a rich <a href="Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> for some help. She only needs a horse to till her small field. But the hard-hearted man does not even listen to her. Out of sheer despair, Martha wonders if there could be other ways to a promising agriculture.
</p><p>One day a revolutionary awakens in Martha. Together with four other farmers who are in a similarly precarious situation, they set up their own <a href="Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a>. Time and again there are setbacks, but gradually the benefits of this production community are apparent to all parties involved. The cooperative becomes the model for effective agriculture, and an increasing number of local farmers are joining it. Soon they can even afford a tractor to optimally manage the fields. On the other hand, many around them, such as the deeply faithful and the priests, seem like worn down relics of long past times.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2></div>
<ul><li>Martha Lapkina as Martha</li>
<li>M. Ivanin as Martha's son</li>
<li>Konstantin Vasilyev as tractor-driver</li>
<li>Neyninkov as Miroshkin</li>
<li>Chukamaryev as butcher</li>
<li>Ivan Yudin as komsomol member</li>
<li>E. Sukhareva as witch</li>
<li>G. Matvey as priest</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div>

<p>At first Eisenstein considered hiring a professional actress for the lead role. But when the first question was asked during casting: "Can you milk cows, plough, guide a tractor?" all of them would confidently reply "No". After this he decided to cast farm worker Martha Lapkina, who had never starred in film, for the role.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFVassilieva2002" class="citation web cs1">Vassilieva, Julia (21 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2017/soviet-cinema/1929-the-old-and-the-new-sergei-eisenstein/">"1929: The Old and the New (Sergei Eisenstein) – Senses of Cinema"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCosmonaut2019" class="citation web cs1">Cosmonaut (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmonautmag.com/es/2019/11/revolutionary-reels-soviet-propaganda-film-and-the-russian-revolution/">"Revolutionary Reels: Soviet Propaganda Film and the Russian Revolution"</a>. <i>Cosmonaut</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-leyda-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leyda_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Leyda1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jay_Leyda" title="Jay Leyda">Jay Leyda</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kinohistoryofrus00jayl#page/221/mode/2up/"><i>Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film</i></a>. <a href="Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen &amp; Unwin">George Allen &amp; Unwin</a>. pp.&nbsp;221, <span class="nowrap">262–</span>266.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBryher1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Bryher_(novelist)" title="Bryher (novelist)">Bryher</a> (1929). <i>Film Problems of Soviet Russia</i>. Territet, Switzerland: Riant Chateau. p.&nbsp;42.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFP._Attasheva1929" class="citation magazine cs1">P. Attasheva (February 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/closeup04macp#page/n185/mode/2up">"A Soviet Film Star – Martha Lapkina"</a>. <i><a href="Close_Up_(magazine)" title="Close Up (magazine)">Close Up</a></i>. <a href="Pool_Group" title="Pool Group">Pool Group</a>. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">48–</span>52.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020451/"><i>The General Line</i></a> at <a href="IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Eisenstein-TheGeneralLine"><i>The General Line</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Films_directed_by_Sergei_Eisenstein39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a href="Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Glumov's_Diary" title="Glumov's Diary">Glumov's Diary</a></i> (1923)</li>
<li><i><a href="Strike_(1925_film)" title="Strike (1925 film)">Strike</a></i> (1925)</li>
<li><i><a href="Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> (1925)</li>
<li><i><a href="October%3A_Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="October: Ten Days That Shook the World">October: Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i> (1928)</li>
<li><i></i> (1929)</li>
<li><i><a href="Romance_sentimentale" title="Romance sentimentale">Romance sentimentale</a></i> (1930)</li>
<li><i><a href="%C2%A1Que_viva_M%C3%A9xico!_(unfinished_film)" title="¡Que viva México! (unfinished film)">¡Que viva México!</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="Bezhin_Meadow" title="Bezhin Meadow">Bezhin Meadow</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="Alexander_Nevsky_(film)" title="Alexander Nevsky (film)">Alexander Nevsky</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="Ivan_the_Terrible_(1944_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan the Terrible (1944 film)">Ivan the Terrible</a></i> (1945/58)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Grigori_Aleksandrov157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Films_directed_by_Grigori_Aleksandrov157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a href="Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Jolly_Fellows" title="Jolly Fellows">Jolly Fellows</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="Circus_(1936_film)" title="Circus (1936 film)">Circus</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="Volga-Volga" title="Volga-Volga">Volga-Volga</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="A_Family_(1943_film)" title="A Family (1943 film)">A Family</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><a href="Tanya_(1940_film)" title="Tanya (1940 film)">Tanya</a> (1940)</li>
<li>Fighting Film Collection #4 (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="Springtime_(1947_film)" title="Springtime (1947 film)">Springtime</a></i> (1947)</li>
<li><i><a href="Encounter_at_the_Elbe" title="Encounter at the Elbe">Encounter at the Elbe</a></i> (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="The_Composer_Glinka" title="The Composer Glinka">The Composer Glinka</a></i> (1952)</li>
<li><i><a href="Russian_Souvenir" title="Russian Souvenir">Russian Souvenir</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i>Starling and Lyre</i> (1974)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With <a href="Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="October%3A_Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="October: Ten Days That Shook the World">October: Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i> (1928)<sup>1</sup></li>
<li><i></i> (1929)<sup>1</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="Romance_sentimentale" title="Romance sentimentale">Romance sentimentale</a></i> (1930)<sup>2</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="%C2%A1Que_viva_M%C3%A9xico!_(unfinished_film)" title="¡Que viva México! (unfinished film)">¡Que viva México!</a></i> (1932)<sup>1</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Notes</b>:<sup>1</sup> — mostly by Eisenstein; <sup>2</sup> — mostly by Aleksandrov.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2581338#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2581338#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata378" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/225393610">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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